## Religion under Mary I (1553–1558): Restoration, Conflict, and Consequences When Mary Tudor ascended the English throne in 1553, she inherited a nation spiritually unsettled by two dec­ades of turbulent religious reform. The reigns of her father,...

## The German Reformation, 1517–1521: Conviction, Crisis, and Change The early sixteenth century in Germany, nestled within the vast, unwieldy Holy Roman Empire, was a landscape fraught with religious tension, social anxieties, and political...