## Unit 2 Section A — Germany 1919–29 **"How successful was the Weimar Republic by 1929?"** The end of the First World War left Germany at a crossroads, reeling from defeat and facing internal revolution. Against this chaotic backdrop, the...

Germany 1918–1945: From Weimar Fragility to Nazi Totalitarianism

## Germany, 1918–1945: Political Collapse and the Path to Totalitarianism *This essay will examine how a fragile attempt at democratic reform in Germany collapsed amid political instability, economic turmoil, and the forceful strategies of extremist...

## The Post-War Consensus in Britain: Origins, Features, and Legacy In the aftermath of the Second World War, Britain found itself in an environment defined by profound material devastation, shifting social expectations, and daunting economic hurdles....

## Churchill and the Abdication Crisis The abdication crisis of 1936 stands as one of the United Kingdom’s most dramatic moments of constitutional uncertainty and royal controversy—a moment wherein personal desire collided with public duty, and the...

## The Learning Approach: Exploring How Experience Shapes Behaviour The learning approach in psychology posits that much of human and animal behaviour is the product of experience, rather than being shaped solely by inherited factors. At its core, it...

## Sentencing Theories in England and Wales Sentencing, in the legal context of England and Wales, refers to the moment when the court determines what punishment should follow a criminal conviction. At its core lies a fundamental set of questions: why...

Explaining Behaviour for A-Level Psychology: Traits or Situations?

## Individual vs Situational Explanations of Behaviour *An Original Essay for the UK A-Level/IB Psychology Student* --- Understanding why people behave as they do has long been a central question in psychology. Key to this is the ongoing debate...

## Irenaeus’ Polemic against Heresy: Shaping Orthodoxy in a Fragmented Church In the turbulent landscape of late second-century Christianity, theological diversity threatened to overwhelm any sense of agreed doctrine or communal identity. It was...

How Elizabeth I Shaped English Government: Strengths, Limits and Legacy

## Elizabeth I and the Government of England: Strengths, Limits and Legacy The reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) stands as one of the most intriguing periods in the development of English government. Following the turbulence of the mid-Tudor...

How cognitive theories explain smoking behaviour

## Cognitive Explanations of Smoking Cognitive explanations of smoking emphasise the role of internal mental processes—our beliefs, expectations, attention, memories, and habits—in shaping why people first try cigarettes, why some persist despite...

## Freud’s explanation of child phobias: the Little Hans case as evidence of unconscious conflict Sigmund Freud is perhaps one of the most influential—and controversial—figures in the history of psychology. His theoretical innovations,...

## Religious Views Towards Transplant Surgery Transplant surgery involves the transferring of organs or tissues from one individual to another, either when living (as in kidney donation) or after death (such as heart or corneal transplants). It...

## Mass Immigration and Its Impact on US Society and Politics The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries marked a profound transformation in the United States—the era of mass immigration. As steamships docked at east coast cities and railways...

Defining Abnormality in Psychology: Models and Critical Perspectives

## ABNORMALITY The concept of abnormality is central to psychology and psychiatry yet proves persistently challenging to define with precision. Fundamentally, abnormality refers to patterns of behaviour, thinking or emotion deemed unusual,...

## Challenges to Religious Experience: Further Debates Religious experience, a concept woven through British philosophy, theology and literature, is not limited to grand moments of mystic rapture but encompasses a diversity of events: from fleeting...

## Faith and Reason: Exploring the Possibility of Rational Religious Belief The relationship between faith and reason has long been a source of intellectual fascination and philosophical controversy. Can one reasonably claim that belief in God is...

# Exchange: Principles and Adaptations of Biological Exchange Systems ## Introduction: The Necessity of Exchange in Living Organisms Biological exchange, in its simplest sense, refers to the transfer of gases, nutrients, water, ions and metabolic...

## France in Revolution, c. 1715–1799: A Study in Causes and Consequences The period between the death of Louis XIV in 1715 and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte by 1799 bore witness to a staggering transformation within France, as the centuries-old...

Religion and the Family in the UK: Changing Marriage, Sex and Attitudes

## Religion and the Family: The Changing Landscape in the United Kingdom Questions surrounding the relationship between religion and the family are at the heart of Section 3 of the Edexcel Religious Studies/Religious Education syllabus. In the context...

## Clinical Psychology: Integrating Approaches to Understanding and Treating Mental Health Disorders Clinical psychology stands as a discipline that bridges the divide between scientific inquiry and social responsibility, striving to understand, assess...